Comunicación en personas con el síndrome de deleción de 22q11: voz y habla / Communication in people with 22q11 deletion syndrome: Voice and speech

Antecedentes y objetivos: En la actualidad hay pocos estudios que definan el perfil psicolingüístico de las personas con el síndrome de deleción de 22q11 (S22q11) con el castellano y/o el catalán como lengua materna. El objetivo de este estudio fue definir las características de la voz y el habla de las personas con el S22q11. Método: Se realizó un estudio con una muestra de 30 sujetos de entre 5 y 21 años (12.14±4.20) con S22q11. Se administraron cuestionarios ad hoc a los padres y se evaluó la voz, la ejecución de praxias bucofonatorias, la discriminación auditiva y el habla de los participantes. Resultados: Más de la mitad de los participantes tenían una voz más aguda de lo esperado por sexo y edad, y la mitad mostraba signos de hipofonía, a pesar de que los resultados de intensidad máxima mostraban que podrían utilizar una mayor intensidad. En cuanto al habla, los participantes más jóvenes presentaban un retraso en la adquisición de fonemas (excepto consonantes nasales) en comparación con su grupo normativo, y la mayoría hizo uso del sonido compensatorio ʔ. Los participantes mayores de 8 años producían correctamente los fonemas de adquisición tardía, aunque persistieron dificultades específicas de articulación. Conclusiones: Los participantes mostraron características específicas de voz y habla.(AU)

Background and objectives: Currently there are few studies that define the psycholinguistic profile of people with 22q11 deletion syndrome (S22q11) with Spanish and/or Catalan as their mother tongue. The aim of this study was to define the characteristics of the voice and speech of people with S22q11. Method: A study was performed with a sample of 30 subjects aged between 5 and 21 years (12.14±4.20) with S22q11. Ad hoc questionnaires were administered to parents, and participants’ voice, execution of oral praxis, hearing discrimination, and speech were assessed. Results: More than half of the participants had a sharper voice than expected by sex and age, and half showed signs of hypophonia, although the maximum intensity results showed that they could use more intensity. In terms of speech, the younger participants had a delay in the acquisition of phonemes (except nasal consonants) compared to their normative group, and most made use of the compensatory sound ʔ. Participants older than 8 years correctly produced late-acquisition phonemes, although specific articulation difficulties persisted. Conclusions: Participants showed specific voice and speech characteristics.(AU)

Behavior Problems and Social Competence in Fragile X Syndrome: A Systematic Review.

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) causes intellectual disability and is the known leading cause of autism. Common problems in FXS include behavior and social problems. Along with syndromic characteristics and autism comorbidity, environmental factors might influence these difficulties. This systematic review focuses on the last 20 years of studies concerning behavior and social problems in FXS, considering environmental and personal variables that might influence both problems. Three databases were reviewed, leading to fifty-one studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) problems remain the greatest behavior problems, with behavioral problems and social competence being stable during the 20 years. Some developmental trajectories might have changed due to higher methodological control, such as aggressive behavior and attention problems. The socialization trajectory from childhood to adolescence remains unclear. Comorbidity with autism in individuals with FXS increased behavior problems and worsened social competence profiles. At the same time, comparisons between individuals with comorbid FXS and autism and individuals with autism might help define the comorbid phenotype. Environmental factors and parental characteristics influenced behavior problems and social competence. Higher methodological control is needed in studies including autism symptomatology and parental characteristics. More studies comparing autism in FXS with idiopathic autism are needed to discern differences between conditions.

New genes involved in Angelman syndrome-like: Expanding the genetic spectrum.

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurogenetic disorder characterized by severe developmental delay with absence of speech, happy disposition, frequent laughter, hyperactivity, stereotypies, ataxia and seizures with specific EEG abnormalities. There is a 10-15% of patients with an AS phenotype whose genetic cause remains unknown (Angelman-like syndrome, AS-like). Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed on a cohort of 14 patients with clinical features of AS and no molecular diagnosis. As a result, we identified 10 de novo and 1 X-linked pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in 10 neurodevelopmental genes (SYNGAP1, VAMP2, TBL1XR1, ASXL3, SATB2, SMARCE1, SPTAN1, KCNQ3, SLC6A1 and LAS1L) and one deleterious de novo variant in a candidate gene (HSF2). Our results highlight the wide genetic heterogeneity in AS-like patients and expands the differential diagnosis.

Study of the Interaction between Executive Function and Adaptive Behavior at School in Girls with Fragile X Syndrome.

The aim of this research is to analyze the relationship between executive functions and adaptive behavior in girls with Fragile X syndrome (FXS) in the school setting. This study is part of a larger investigation conducted at the Hospital Parc Tauli in Sabadell. The sample consists of a total of 40 girls (26 with FXS and 14 control) aged 7-16 years, who were administered different neuropsychological tests (WISC-V, NEPSY-II, WCST, TOL) and questionnaires answered by teachers (ABAS-II, BRIEF 2, ADHD Rating Scale). The results show that there is a greater interaction between some areas of executive function (cognitive flexibility, auditory attention, and visual abstraction capacity) and certain areas of adaptive behavior (conceptual, practical, social, and total domains) in the FXS group than in the control group. These results suggest that an alteration in the executive functions was affecting the daily functioning of the girls with FXS to a greater extent.

Pilot study of socio-emotional factors and adaptive behavior in young females with fragile X syndrome.

Girls with Fragile-X-Syndrome (FXS) present high levels of social anxiety, social avoidance, extreme shyness, tendency to social isolation, poor eye contact, learning difficulties, and depression. The aims of the present study, which is based on a group of young females with FXS are: 1) to analyze the possible associations between emotion recognition, theory of mind, and social anxiety, and adaptive behavior, and emotional state; 2) to study the relationship between intelligence quotient (IQ) and adaptive behavior; and 3) to assess whether social anxiety is more prevalent in girls with FXS. The study has 40 female participants aged between 7 and 16 years (26 positive full mutation FXS and 14 as a control group). A neuropsychological assessment was conducted using the following tests: WISC-V, NEPSY-II, SENA, ADHD Rating Scale, BAS, and ABAS-II. In comparison with the control group, the group with FXS presented a greater association between IQ and self-direction ability, and between emotion recognition and leadership. The FXS group presented higher levels of social anxiety and shyness. In the group of girls with FXS, IQ may have prognostic value for both self-direction ability and social adaptation level.

Fragile X syndrome in young females: Influence of executive function on the neurocognitive profile and adaptive behavior.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to describe the relationship between executive function (EF) and performance in different areas of the neurocognitive profile in young girls with Fragile-X-Syndrome (FXS). METHOD: A neuropsychological assessment was carried out to 40 female participants aged 7-16 years (26 FXS, 14 control group). RESULTS: Regarding intellectual ability, in the group of girls with FXS 3.84 % of the participants obtained IQ scores in the range of moderate ID (IQ 35-40 to 49), 46.15 % in the range of mild ID (IQ 50-70), 38.46 % in the borderline range (IQ 70-85), and 11.53 % within the average range (IQ > 85). EF was found to have a greater influence on adaptive behavior, arithmetic ability, theory of mind, leadership, social integration, social competence, and anxiety/shyness in the group with FXS. CONCLUSIONS: In girls with FXS, EF showed a greater influence on adaptive behavior, arithmetic ability, and social domain.

Language in young females with fragile X syndrome: Influence on the neurocognitive profile and adaptive behavior.

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the leading cause of inherited intellectual disability. The objective of this research is to analyze the relationship between linguistic functions and performance of the following neuropsychological functions: executive, quantitative reasoning, social perception, behavior, social skills, and adaptive behavior. A neuropsychological and behavioral evaluations were carried out with a group of 26 girls with FXS, and 14 girls without FXS as a control group, using standardized tests. The two groups were homogeneous in age and IQ. Significant differences were found between groups in the relationship between some language processes: inhibition, auditory working memory, cognitive flexibility, level of social adaptation, self-direction, conceptual adaptation, academic skills, leadership ability, theory of mind, and arithmetic. In the group of girls with FXS, it was found that different aspects of language influence some of the executive functions evaluated, in addition to some specific aspects of social perception, adaptive behavior, and quantitative reasoning, in different ways. Future research should incorporate the study of the influence of other cognitive variables such as visual perception and executive function on behavioral, social, and adaptive aspects to know the real influence of all the cognitive variables on the behavior of girls with FXS.

Beyond the disease itself: A cross-cutting educational initiative for patients and families with rare diseases.

Rare diseases (RDs) as a whole affect a huge number of individuals although each specific condition comprises a low number of individuals. As a consequence, funds allocated to expand research to all conditions are often limited. Several initiatives have emerged to invest more resources for research in RDs, but patients express unmet needs regarding educational initiatives, awareness support, and psychosocial resources. We developed an educational training program in the format of weekly sessions covering basic medical scientific knowledge and psychosocial aspects of RDs. The aim of this initiative was to assess its overall impact regarding knowledge, psychological issues, and participant satisfaction. Items were evaluated through surveys before and after the sessions. Here, we report the experience and impact of two editions of this initiative with a total of 37 participants. Our results show improvements in knowledge and better management of the psychological impact. Moreover, participants were able to exchange experiences and concerns, most of which were shared even though the RDs were different. Overall, the program was evaluated by the participants as a highly beneficial experience and all of them were interested in attending advanced editions.

Bullying Victimization in Young Females with Fragile-X-Syndrome.

The aim of this study is to investigate the risk associated with girls with fragile X syndrome (FXS) suffering bullying in the role of a victim and its effects on their adaptive behavior, socialization style, and emotional state. A neuropsychological assessment was carried out on a sample of 40 participants (26 FXS positive and 14 control group) using the following instruments: WISC-V, SENA, BAS-2, ABAS-II. The results show that the group of girls with FXS presented higher ratios of lack of social support and isolation from classmates. This finding suggests that problems with social interaction and communication in the group of girls with FXS could lead to difficulties in interpreting social signals and identifying situations of bullying correctly, placing them in a very vulnerable situation.

Lenguaje de niños y jóvenes con síndrome de deleción 22q11 / The language of children and young people with 22q11 deletion syndrome

INTRODUCCIÓN: El síndrome de deleción 22q11 (S22q11) es uno de los trastornos genéticos más prevalentes, y presenta múltiples alteraciones sistémicas y neuropsicológicas. OBJETIVO: Describir el perfil de lenguaje y pragmática asociado a este síndrome. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Se evaluó una muestra de 30 participantes españoles con S22q11 de edades comprendidas entre 5 años, y 21 años y 11 meses (media: 12,14 ± 4,2 años) mediante pruebas estandarizadas y un cuestionario administrado a los padres. RESULTADOS: Casi la mitad de la muestra obtuvo mejores resultados en el lenguaje expresivo que en el comprensivo, y la mayoría logró una mayor puntuación en el contenido del lenguaje que en la memoria del lenguaje. Los resultados sugieren que las personas con S22q11 presentan dificultades de lenguaje que mejoran con la edad hasta cierto nivel y, posteriormente, se estabilizan. Se observa un perfil específico que sugiere que las dificultades pragmáticas son consecuencia de este perfil de lenguaje y no sólo de dificultades sociales ya descritas en esta patología. CONCLUSIONES: En la muestra del presente estudio, los niños y jóvenes con S22q11 presentan alteraciones específicas del lenguaje y la pragmática. Más de la mitad de los participantes del estudio no obtuvieron diferencias significativas entre el nivel de lenguaje expresivo y el receptivo. La mayoría presentó dificultades de fluencia semántica. El tipo y el grado de las alteraciones que presentan en las habilidades pragmáticas sugieren que el problema básico podría estar relacionado con sus dificultades lingüísticas

INTRODUCTION: The 22q11 deletion syndrome (S22q11) is one of the most prevalent genetic disorders, resulting in multiple systemic and neuropsychological features. AIM: To describe the language profile in a sample of Spanish subjects with S22q11. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A sample of 30 Spanish participants with S22q11 aged between 5 years and 21 years and 11 months (mean: 12.14 ± 4.20 years) was evaluated using standardized tests and a questionnaire administered to parents. RESULTS: Almost half of the subjects obtained better results in expressive language than in comprehensive language and the majority obtained a higher score in language content than in language memory. The results suggest that people with S22q11 present language difficulties that improve with age to a certain level and subsequently stabilize. A specific profile is observed that suggests that pragmatic difficulties are a consequence of this language profile and not only of social difficulties already described in this pathology. CONCLUSIONS: In the sample of the present study, children and young people with S22q11 present specific language and pragmatic disorders. More than half of the study participants did not obtain significant differences between the level of expressive and receptive language. Most presented semantic fluency difficulties. The type and degree of impairment in pragmatic skills suggest that the basic problem may be related to their language difficulties

Expressed emotion and impulsiveness in mothers of children with Fragile X Syndrome and Down Syndrome: The relation to behavioral problems in their offspring.

BACKGROUND: Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) and Down Syndrome (DS) are common causes of Intellectual Disability (ID). Mothers of individuals with FXS sometimes have the premutation condition which makes them display neurocognitive signs, such as impulsiveness impairments, while mothers of DS individuals, as a group, do not have impairments. Although behavior problems in individuals with ID may be related to high Expressed Emotion (EE) in parents, parenting in families with ID members has been little explored. AIM: To explore the relationship between a mother's EE and impulsiveness, in mothers of individuals with FXS and DS, with behavior problems in their offspring. METHOD: A questionnaire was developed to collect data about impulsiveness and EE in mothers, along with information about behavior problems in ID individuals. RESULTS: EE scores were associated with behavior problems in their offspring for both samples. Mothers with the premutation showed higher scores in EE than mothers of DS individuals. However, impulsiveness scores were not different between both parental groups, and were related to EE scores. CONCLUSIONS: EE is a parental feature that is possible to modulate and seems to be related to behavior problems in ID individuals. More research should be carried on to create interventions to reduce this attitude in parents of ID individuals.

Behavioral Profiles of Children With Williams Syndrome From Spain and the United States: Cross-Cultural Similarities and Differences.

To identify similarities and differences in the behavioral profile of children with Williams syndrome from Spain (n = 53) and the United States (n = 145), we asked parents of 6- to 14-year-olds with Williams syndrome to complete the Child Behavior Checklist 6-18. The distribution of raw scores was significantly higher for the Spanish sample than the American sample for all of the higher-order factors and half of both the empirically based and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-oriented scales. In contrast, analyses based on country-specific T-scores indicated that the distribution for the Spanish sample was significantly higher than for the American sample only on the Social Problems scale. No gender differences were found. Genetic and cultural influences on children's behavior and cultural influences on parental ratings of behavior are discussed.

Estructura factorial y consistencia interna de la versión española del Inventario de Apego a Padres y Pares para Adolescentes (IPPA) / Factorial Structure and Internal Consistency of the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment for Adolescents (IPPA) Spanish version

El propósito del estudio es analizar la estructura interna de la versión española del Inventario de Apego con Padres y Pares (IPPA) de Armsden y Greenberg (1987) en una muestra de 231 adolescentes de 12 a 18 años. Se analizó la consistencia interna y la dimensionalidad de las puntuaciones de la escala. Se obtuvieron coeficientes de consistencia interna satisfactorios para cada una de las escalas (ω > 0.68) de las tres formas del cuestionario, excepto para la escala Alienación de la versión contestada sobre la madre. El Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio mostró que el modelo de tres factores es el mejor de los modelos propuestos (RMSEA < 0.062), aunque las tres escalas se encuentran muy correlacionadas entre sí.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the internal structure of the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment of Armsden and Greenberg (1987), in a sample of 231 Spanish adolescents, (aged 12 -18). The internal consistency and dimensionality of the scale scores were analyzed. We obtained satisfactory internal consistency coefficients (ω > 0.68) for each of the scales in the three forms of the questionnaire, except for the scale Alienation for the mother version. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed that the three-factor model is the best model proposed (RMSEA < 0.062) although the three scales are highly correlated with each other.

Usefulness of the bayley scales of infant and toddler development, third edition, in the early diagnosis of language disorder / Utilidad de las escalas de desarrollo para niños y bebés de Bayley, tercera edición, en el diagnóstico precoz de los trastornos del lenguaje

BACKGROUND: Language disorder (LD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, and early diagnosis has an impact on speech therapy practice. The aim of this work is to test the usefulness of the Cognitive and Language scales of the Bayley-III in the early diagnosis of LD. METHOD: In a longitudinal study, a clinical sample of 187 children with diagnostic hypothesis of communication disorders at 4.5 years was assessed with the Bayley-III before age 3.5 years and subsequently with other scales of different psychological and psycholinguistic functions. RESULTS: The results indicate that children with LD scored significantly lower than their control groups in all subtests and compounds of the Bayley-III. Additionally, low scores on the Language composite in the Bayley-III predicted lower scores in the Auditory-vocal Channel of the ITPA. A significant correlation was obtained between the Cognitive Scale of the Bayley-III and the General Cognitive Scale of the MSCA and the Mental Processing Composite of the K-ABC. CONCLUSIONS: We can draw the conclusion that the Cognitive and Language scales of the Bayley-III are a useful instrument for early diagnosis of LD, and can also discriminate more severe forms of LD

ANTECEDENTES: el trastorno del lenguaje (TL) es un trastorno del desarrollo neurológico. El objetivo de este trabajo es comprobar la utilidad de las escalas Cognitiva y de Lenguaje de Bayley-III en el diagnóstico precoz de los TL. MÉTODO: una muestra clínica de 187 niños con hipótesis diagnóstica de trastorno de la comunicación a los 4,5 años fue evaluada con Bayley-III antes de los 3,5 años y posteriormente con otras escalas de evaluación de diferentes funciones psicológicas y psicolingüísticas en un estudio longitudinal. RESULTADOS: los resultados indican que los niños con TL obtuvieron puntuaciones significativamente inferiores a sus grupos control en todos los subtests y compuestos de Bayley-III. Además, puntuaciones bajas en el compuesto de Lenguaje de Bayley-III predecían puntuaciones inferiores en el Canal Auditivo-vocal del ITPA. Se halló una correlación significativa entre la Escala Cognitiva del Bayley-III y la Escala General Cognitiva de MSCA y con la de Procesamiento Mental Compuesto del K.ABC. CONCLUSIONES: concluimos que las escalas Cognitiva y de Lenguaje de Bayley-III son un instrumento útil en el diagnóstico precoz de los TL, capaces además de discriminar sus formas más graves

Usefulness of the Bayley scales of infant and toddler development,third edition, in the early diagnosis of language disorder.

BACKGROUND: Language disorder (LD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, and early diagnosis has an impact on speech therapy practice. The aim of this work is to test the usefulness of the Cognitive and Language scales of the Bayley-III in the early diagnosis of LD. METHOD: In a longitudinal study, a clinical sample of 187 children with diagnostic hypothesis of communication disorders at 4.5 years was assessed with the Bayley-III before age 3.5 years and subsequently with other scales of different psychological and psycholinguistic functions. RESULTS: The results indicate that children with LD scored significantly lower than their control groups in all subtests and compounds of the Bayley-III. Additionally, low scores on the Language composite in the Bayley-III predicted lower scores in the Auditory-vocal Channel of the ITPA. A significant correlation was obtained between the Cognitive Scale of the Bayley-III and the General Cognitive Scale of the MSCA and the Mental Processing Composite of the K-ABC. CONCLUSIONS: We can draw the conclusion that the Cognitive and Language scales of the Bayley-III are a useful instrument for early diagnosis of LD, and can also discriminate more severe forms of LD.